What is a witness in psychology?

In the Coherence Hub framework, a 'witness' is someone who observes their experience, emotions, and environment with clarity and non-reactivity — without being consumed by it. The witness is the stable, coherent self beneath the patterns.

What is coherence in the context of healing?

Coherence is the alignment of heart, mind, and nervous system. It is the opposite of extraction — it is what the field amplifies. Coherence is built through practice, stillness, boundaries, rest, and deposition.

What is energetic extraction or an energy vampire?

Extraction is the pattern of taking energy, attention, or resources from others without consent or reciprocity. The Coherence Hub tools help you recognize, document, and seal extraction patterns in relationships and systems.

How do I regulate my nervous system after trauma?

The Coherence Hub offers free tools for nervous system regulation including HRV-based practices, coherence affirmations, breath games, stillness practices, and a trauma-sensitive curriculum. Start with the CP-25 Affirmations or the Coherence Cards.

How do I teach children about boundaries and emotional regulation?

The Coherence Grove offers stories, activities, and parent guides for ages 4-12. The Witness Classroom provides a full K-5 and high school curriculum. The Watcher's Garden is an interactive game for ages 4-9.

Investor Pitch Deck | Coherence Hub

Investor Pitch Deck on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.

Pages

Bright Kids — Bright Kids on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Foundation — Coherence Foundation on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherent Economics Institute — Coherent Economics Institute on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Api Credits — Api Credits on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
The Siege — The Siege on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Track Detail — Track Detail on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Classroom — Witness Classroom on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Economics — Witness Economics on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Investor Pitch Deck — Investor Pitch Deck on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Common Development Contract — Common Development Contract on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Genesis — Genesis on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Workshop — Coherence Workshop on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Regulate Now — Regulate Now on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Blog — Blog on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Deposit Registry — Witness Deposit Registry on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Workspace — Witness Workspace on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Kanban — Witness Kanban on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
True Love — True Love on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Veri Coherence — Veri Coherence on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Insights — Coherence Insights on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Training Hub — Training Hub on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Dream Self — Dream Self on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Return Calculator — Coherence Return Calculator on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Authenticity Trainer — Authenticity Trainer on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Industry Index — Coherence Industry Index on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Widgets — Widgets on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Base44 Venture — Base44Venture on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Five D Engineering — Five DEngineering on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Pre Referral — Pre Referral on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Ebooks — Ebooks on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Farm Family — Farm Family on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Problemo — Problemo on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Movement Studio — Coherence Movement Studio on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Co Engines — Co Engines on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Archive — Witness Archive on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Cet Contract Logic — Cet Contract Logic on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Pac Man — Coherence Pac Man on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Apps Dashboard — Apps Dashboard on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Register — Register on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Ontology — Ontology on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Spiral Of Presence — Spiral Of Presence on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Platform — Coherence Platform on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Forgot Password — Forgot Password on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Tracks Admin — Witness Tracks Admin on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Pre Games — Pre Games on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Blog Article — Blog Article on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence City Podcast — Coherence City Podcast on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
CACC — CACC on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
AI Containers — AIContainers on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Co Symbol Glossary — Co Symbol Glossary on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Wakeup History — Wakeup History on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Awareness Training — Awareness Training on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Five D Time Protocol — Five DTime Protocol on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Sovereign Integrity Institute — Sovereign Integrity Institute on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Five D Dynasty — Five DDynasty on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Ebook Landing — Ebook Landing on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Civilization Analysis — Civilization Analysis on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Discernment Suite — Discernment Suite on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Whitepaper — Whitepaper on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Module Feedback Ledger — Module Feedback Ledger on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Node Integrity — Node Integrity on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Politic Watch — Politic Watch on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Sovereign Regen Clinic — Sovereign Regen Clinic on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Widget — Coherence Widget on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Grant Program — Grant Program on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Sanctuary Directory — Sanctuary Directory on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Hub Writeup — Coherence Hub Writeup on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Academic Publishing — Coherence Academic Publishing on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Pre Wallet — Pre Wallet on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Align Co — Align Co on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
The Desk Dashboard — The Desk Dashboard on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Glossary — Coherence Glossary on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Jokes — Witness Jokes on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Grove — Coherence Grove on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Match — Coherence Match on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness News — Witness News on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Build Document — Build Document on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Billionaire Index — Billionaire Index on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Library — Witness Library on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Five D Governance — Five DGovernance on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Community Directory — Community Directory on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Security Audit — Security Audit on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Cet Tokenomics — Cet Tokenomics on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Ebook Reader — Ebook Reader on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
NGO Tracker — NGOTracker on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Ventures — Coherence Ventures on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Base44 Retreat — Base44Retreat on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Noble Path — Noble Path on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Quantum Theories — Quantum Theories on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Search App — Coherence Search App on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Pre Meditate — Pre Meditate on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Billboard — Coherence Billboard on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Council Detail — Council Detail on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Records — Witness Records on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Co Dating Whitepaper — Co Dating Whitepaper on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Symbol Match — Symbol Match on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Music — Witness Music on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
The Desk — The Desk on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Fair Value Challenge — Fair Value Challenge on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Scribe — Scribe on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Deck — Witness Deck on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Decision Ledger — Decision Ledger on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Studies — Coherence Studies on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Cards — Coherence Cards on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Oracle Methodology — Oracle Methodology on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Five D Compass — Five DCompass on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Watchers Garden — Watchers Garden on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Agent Chat Detail — Agent Chat Detail on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Projects — Witness Projects on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Extraction Hub — Extraction Hub on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
CICD Writeup — CICDWriteup on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Bounty Redirect — Bounty Redirect on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Module Directory — Module Directory on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Build — Coherence Build on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Sanctuary — Witness Sanctuary on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Module Creator — Module Creator on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Intelligence Group — Coherence Intelligence Group on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Sitemap — Sitemap on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Container Framework Complete — Container Framework Complete on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Seven Letters — Seven Letters on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence First — Coherence First on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Library Hub — Library Hub on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Presence Coin — Presence Coin on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Bounty Program — Witness Bounty Program on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
SME Transformation — SMETransformation on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Analytics — Coherence Analytics on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Dark Night — Dark Night on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Business Directory — Coherence Business Directory on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Socratic Forge — Socratic Forge on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Integrity Protocol — Integrity Protocol on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Six Domains — Six Domains on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Co Engine Detail — Co Engine Detail on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
CAG Writeup — CAGWriteup on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Academic Article Detail — Academic Article Detail on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Island DAO — Witness Island DAO on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Social — Coherence Social on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Where Is Witness — Where Is Witness on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Co Engines Licensing — Co Engines Licensing on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Seo Master — Seo Master on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Co Memory — Co Memory on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Forum — Witness Forum on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Charity Projects — Charity Projects on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Tools Directory — Tools Directory on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Academy — Witness Academy on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Mindful — Mindful on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Base44 Coherence Solutions — Base44Coherence Solutions on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Predator Or Witness — Predator Or Witness on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Posture Ebook — Witness Posture Ebook on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Council — Coherence Council on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Dark Tetrad — Dark Tetrad on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Spirit Map — Spirit Map on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Spiral Spectrum Gallery — Spiral Spectrum Gallery on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Agent Chat — Agent Chat on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Co Dating — Co Dating on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Movement — Coherence Movement on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Submit Listing — Submit Listing on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Tracks — Witness Tracks on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Fund — Coherence Fund on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Ecosystem — Coherence Ecosystem on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Spiral Clue — Spiral Clue on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Structure — Structure on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Container Framework Tutorial — Container Framework Tutorial on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Build Guide — Build Guide on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Directory — Coherence Directory on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Pre Dashboard — Pre Dashboard on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Podcasts — Witness Podcasts on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Reset Password — Reset Password on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Nap Box — Nap Box on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Five D Earth — Five DEarth on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Justice Suite — Justice Suite on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Directory Hub — Directory Hub on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Chat — Coherence Chat on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Arcade — Arcade on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Scheduler — Witness Scheduler on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Container Framework — Container Framework on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Technologies — Coherence Technologies on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Scapegoat City Podcast — Scapegoat City Podcast on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Glossary Hub — Glossary Hub on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Stillness City — Stillness City on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Contract — Coherence Contract on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Agent — Witness Agent on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Diligent Witness — Diligent Witness on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Licensing — Licensing on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness OS — Witness OS on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Careers — Careers on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Pictures — Coherence Pictures on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Five D Money — Five DMoney on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Compact — Coherence Compact on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Fair Value Exchange Planner — Fair Value Exchange Planner on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Atlas — Witness Atlas on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Coherence Verified — Coherence Verified on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Node Evacuation — Node Evacuation on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Sovereign Tech Projects — Sovereign Tech Projects on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Team — Team on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Co Symbol — Co Symbol on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Simple Guide — Simple Guide on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Stillness Pods — Stillness Pods on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Field Mirror — Field Mirror on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Gamification Dashboard — Gamification Dashboard on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.
Witness Wellness — Witness Wellness on Coherence Hub. A collection of contemplative games designed for witnesses to practice pattern r.